This study was conducted in irrigated meadow with deep water table level in 2014 in Erzurum, Narman, Demirdag, and aimed to evaluate the effects of early spring grazing on meadows. Soil properties and dry matter yield and some quality parameters such as dry hay yield, crude protein, ADF, NDF and crude ash rates were assessed in meadow. Average dry matter yield was lover in spring grazed site than that of the ungrazed meadow site. Crude protein content was determined as 8.25%, 8.35% in grazed and ungrazed meadow sites, respectively. In spring grazed site ADF and NDF ratio were lower than that of the ungrazed one (36.95%, 36.72%; 55.98%, 56.82%). In grazed meadow site digestible dry matter ratio (60.29%) was lower than that of the ungrazed site (61.40%). Based on the results of the study, it is important to prevent of spring grazing in meadows for increasing of dry matter yield and forage quality.

Diseases are one of the leading factors affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Due to the undesirable effects of the methods used in the prevention or treatment of diseases, the usability of herbal products has been investigated recently. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of two different medicinal plants (Laurus nobilis and Brassica nigra) against Vibrio anguillarium, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas putida, and Aeromonas hydrophila by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values of leaf aqueous methanolic extract of Laurus nobilis for Aeromonas hydrophila and leaf aqueous methanolic extract of Brassica nigra for Vibrio anguillarium were determined as 3.125 µg ml-1 and 100 µg ml-1, respectively. The results showed that Laurus nobilis could be used against Aeromonas hydrophila and Brassica nigra against Vibrio anguillarium. Further in vivo studies should be conducted to evaluate the usability of these plants.

Soft rot is a disease that cause substantial economic losses in potato production. Pectobacterium carotovorum is known as one of the most common soft rot causative agents and the disease has not effective control methods being developed yet.  In this study the effect of 3 different bacterial isolates of Bacillus megaterium (B60d, TV6D, TV91C), 2 of Paenibacillus polymyxa (Ç9, TV12E), 2 of Bacillus subtilis (TV6F, TV17C), 1 of Pantoea agglomerans (B79), 1 of Agrobacterium radiobacter (A16), 1 of Bacillus megaterium gc. subgroup A (FDG161), 1 of Bacillus atrophaeus (FD1), 1 of Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG37) and 1 of Bacillus pumilus (TV3D) were tested against 5 pathogenic bacterial strains of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (F37, F680, F741, F331, F742), using dual culture method in in vitro conditions. The most effective bacterial isolate against strains Pectobacterium were P. carotovorum F37 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (55,00 mm) isolate, followed by P. carotovorum F680 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (44,00 mm) and P. carotovorum F742 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (39,33 mm) isolates. Therefore, Bacillus megaterium has a promising biocontrol activity against tested plant pathogenic bacteria under in vitro conditions.

Creatine kinase genes (ckma and ckmb) in zebrafish (Danio rerio), an aquatic model organism, have been characterized and identified. However, the gene structure is designed using exons, introns, amino acids produced by the exons.  TATA boxex, poly A tails and 5' UTR and 3' UTR regions of zebrafish ckma and ckma genes are showed at the gene structure. In addition, chromosomal regions of ckma and ckmb genes were determined. The other genes which are placed in the same region with ckma and ckmb genes were found in medaka and human which are the orthologs of zebrafish, and conserved gene syntheny was designed manually according to these regions. In addition, phylogenetic relationship was determined between zebrafish and it’s some orthologs using ckma and ckmb gene sequences. Genetic affinity between zebrafish and its orthologs was calculated as similarity-identity % rate and given as a table. For all these studies, bioinformatics databases (NCBI database, Ensembl genomic database, Expasy, Reverse Complementary) and programs (MEGA6 program, BLOSUM62 matrix program and BioEdit software) were used. In this study, characterization and identification of ckma and ckmb genes in zebrafish (D. rerio) was completed using bioinformatics tools and some data to be used in the future studies on molecular stress response were presented.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the usage possibilities in the landscape and to bring an alternative species to the ornamental plant sector by determining the form, length and habitat characteristics of Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex Bieb.) H. Ohba taxon, naturally grown in Erzurum province and its close environment. Within the scope of this research, Erzurum province and its surroundings were scanned and it is determined that there are large populations of this taxon in İspir and Aşkale districts. The plant vegetative characteristics of P. sempervivoides taxon in the regions where the plant was found were examined. At the same time, the altitude of the regions was determined and the soil structures were observed and the possibilities of use in landscape applications were evaluated. As a result of field trips, photographs of the plants were taken and their point coordinates were determined by GPS. The morphological characteristics of the specie (plant height, stem length, number of leaves, number of branches of the middle cluster, leaf width and length, flower diameter, stem diameter and branch diameter characteristics, habitat) were recorded. Plant height were varied between 9.0- 16.70 cm by taking the average of the data obtained from all locations. The highest plant height data were obtained from POS-4 coded genotypes from a location at an altitude of 1942 m in Aşkale district. Stem length varied between 3.60 and 9.30 cm, and the highest stem height was determined in the averages of POS-4 genotypes. While the maximum number of leaves was determined with an average of 19.00 in POS-10 genotype; POS-9, POS-8 and POS-2 genotypes were also included in the same statistical group. The highest value obtained for the number of branches of the middle cluster was determined in the POS-3 genotype. These values differed between 4.00 and 10.00 number/ plant. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the species can be used in landscape studies due to its efficacy with its flower color and star-shaped flowers, red showy leaves and ground cover properties. In addition, It can be recommended that they can be used in rock gardens, in collections of succulents etc., since they have adapted to different environments such as stony rocky habitats, steep slopes and arid soil conditions.

Haccp, food safety is one of the most important and critical points for human health. It can be defined as reducing the risks in biological, chemical, physical production systems that may arise in food safety and systematic preventive actions. HACCP can be shortly abbreviated as Critical Control Points Risk Analysis. Haccp is a series of food-specific standards. One of the most fundamental points in the Haccp standard is to make a hazard risk assessment and to determine critical control points and to take measures against these dangers. The Haccp standard is a set of conditions and systems for evaluating the risks that may occur during the transportation of food from the stage of production and during the use of foodstuffs. Processed seafood provides many advantages to consumers due to their long shelf life, following hygiene and sanitation rules at storage and usage conditions is crucial. Seafood processing industry is engaged in the efforts to increase the shelf life of the products, during the determination of critical control points (CCP), which is one of the important elements of the Haccp system. Correct determination of CCP will ensure that the high level quality of the product is kept for a long time. In this review, the importance and advantages of application of Haccp in aquaculture processing will be discussed.